THE PROLOGUE.
WHEN folk had laughed all at this nice caseOf Absolon and Hendy Nicholas,Diverse folk diversely they said,But for the more part they laugh’d and play’d;* *were divertedAnd at this tale I saw no man him grieve,But it were only Osewold the Reeve.Because he was of carpenteres craft,A little ire is in his hearte laft*; *leftHe gan to grudge* and blamed it a lite.** *murmur **little.“So the* I,” quoth he, “full well could I him quite** *thrive **matchWith blearing* of a proude miller’s eye, *dimming <1>If that me list to speak of ribaldry.But I am old; me list not play for age; <2>Grass time is done, my fodder is now forage.This white top* writeth mine olde years; *headMine heart is also moulded* as mine hairs; *grown mouldyAnd I do fare as doth an open-erse*; *medlar <3>That ilke* fruit is ever longer werse, *sameTill it be rotten *in mullok or in stre*. *on the ground or in straw*We olde men, I dread, so fare we;Till we be rotten, can we not be ripe;We hop* away, while that the world will pipe; *danceFor in our will there sticketh aye a nail,To have an hoary head and a green tail,As hath a leek; for though our might be gone,Our will desireth folly ever-in-one*: *continuallyFor when we may not do, then will we speak,Yet in our ashes cold does fire reek.* *smoke<4>Four gledes* have we, which I shall devise**, *coals ** describeVaunting, and lying, anger, covetise*. *covetousnessThese foure sparks belongen unto eld.Our olde limbes well may be unweld*, *unwieldyBut will shall never fail us, that is sooth.And yet have I alway a coltes tooth,<5>As many a year as it is passed and goneSince that my tap of life began to run;For sickerly*, when I was born, anon *certainlyDeath drew the tap of life, and let it gon:And ever since hath so the tap y-run,Till that almost all empty is the tun.The stream of life now droppeth on the chimb.<6>The silly tongue well may ring and chimeOf wretchedness, that passed is full yore*: *longWith olde folk, save dotage, is no more. <7>
When that our Host had heard this sermoning,He gan to speak as lordly as a king,And said; “To what amounteth all this wit?What? shall we speak all day of holy writ?The devil made a Reeve for to preach,As of a souter* a shipman, or a leach**. *cobbler <8>Say forth thy tale, and tarry not the time: **surgeon <9>Lo here is Deptford, and ’tis half past prime:<10>Lo Greenwich, where many a shrew is in.It were high time thy tale to begin.”
“Now, sirs,” quoth then this Osewold the Reeve,I pray you all that none of you do grieve,Though I answer, and somewhat set his hove*, *hood <11>For lawful is *force off with force to shove.* *to repel forceThis drunken miller hath y-told us here by force*How that beguiled was a carpentere,Paraventure* in scorn, for I am one: *perhapsAnd, by your leave, I shall him quite anon.Right in his churlish termes will I speak,I pray to God his necke might to-break.He can well in mine eye see a stalk,But in his own he cannot see a balk.”<12>
Notes to the Prologue to the Reeves Tale.
1. “With blearing of a proude miller’s eye”: dimming his eye;playing off a joke on him.
2. “Me list not play for age”: age takes away my zest fordrollery.
3. The medlar, the fruit of the mespilus tree, is only edible whenrotten.
4. Yet in our ashes cold does fire reek: “ev’n in our ashes livetheir wonted fires.”
- A colt’s tooth; a wanton humour, a relish for pleasure.
6. Chimb: The rim of a barrel where the staves project beyondthe head.
7. With olde folk, save dotage, is no more: Dotage is all that isleft them; that is, they can only dwell fondly, dote, on the past.
8. Souter: cobbler; Scottice, “sutor;”’ from Latin, “suere,” tosew.
9. “Ex sutore medicus” (a surgeon from a cobbler) and “exsutore nauclerus” (a seaman or pilot from a cobbler) were bothproverbial expressions in the Middle Ages.
10. Half past prime: half-way between prime and tierce; abouthalf-past seven in the morning.
11. Set his hove; like “set their caps;” as in the description ofthe Manciple in the Prologue, who “set their aller cap”. “Hove”or “houfe,” means “hood;” and the phrase signifies to be evenwith, outwit.
- The illustration of the mote and the beam, from Matthew.
THE TALE.<1>
At Trompington, not far from Cantebrig,* *CambridgeThere goes a brook, and over that a brig,Upon the whiche brook there stands a mill:And this is *very sooth* that I you tell. *complete truth*A miller was there dwelling many a day,As any peacock he was proud and gay:Pipen he could, and fish, and nettes bete*, *prepareAnd turne cups, and wrestle well, and shete*. *shootAye by his belt he bare a long pavade*, *poniardAnd of his sword full trenchant was the blade.A jolly popper* bare he in his pouch; *daggerThere was no man for peril durst him touch.A Sheffield whittle* bare he in his hose. *small knifeRound was his face, and camuse* was his nose. *flat <2>As pilled* as an ape’s was his skull. *peeled, bald.He was a market-beter* at the full. *brawlerThere durste no wight hand upon him legge*, *layThat he ne swore anon he should abegge*. *suffer the penalty
A thief he was, for sooth, of corn and meal,And that a sly, and used well to steal.His name was *hoten deinous Simekin* *called “Disdainful Simkin”*A wife he hadde, come of noble kin:The parson of the town her father was.With her he gave full many a pan of brass,For that Simkin should in his blood ally.She was y-foster’d in a nunnery:For Simkin woulde no wife, as he said,But she were well y-nourish’d, and a maid,To saven his estate and yeomanry:And she was proud, and pert as is a pie*. *magpieA full fair sight it was to see them two;On holy days before her would he goWith his tippet* y-bound about his head; *hoodAnd she came after in a gite* of red, *gown <3>And Simkin hadde hosen of the same.There durste no wight call her aught but Dame:None was so hardy, walking by that way,That with her either durste *rage or play*, *use freedom**But if* he would be slain by Simekin *unlessWith pavade, or with knife, or bodekin.For jealous folk be per’lous evermo’:Algate* they would their wives *wende so*. *unless *so behave*And eke for she was somewhat smutterlich*, *dirtyShe was as dign* as water in a ditch, *nastyAnd all so full of hoker*, and bismare**. *ill-nature **abusive speechHer thoughte that a lady should her spare*, *not judge her hardlyWhat for her kindred, and her nortelrie* *nurturing, educationThat she had learned in the nunnery.
One daughter hadde they betwixt them twoOf twenty year, withouten any mo,Saving a child that was of half year age,In cradle it lay, and was a proper page.* *boyThis wenche thick and well y-growen was,With camuse* nose, and eyen gray as glass; *flatWith buttocks broad, and breastes round and high;But right fair was her hair, I will not lie.The parson of the town, for she was fair,In purpose was to make of her his heirBoth of his chattels and his messuage,And *strange he made it* of her marriage. *he made it a matterHis purpose was for to bestow her high of difficulty*Into some worthy blood of ancestry.For holy Church’s good may be dispended* *spentOn holy Church’s blood that is descended.Therefore he would his holy blood honourThough that he holy Churche should devour.
Great soken* hath this miller, out of doubt, *toll taken for grindingWith wheat and malt, of all the land about;And namely* there was a great college *especiallyMen call the Soler Hall at Cantebrege,<4>There was their wheat and eke their malt y-ground.And on a day it happed in a stound*, *suddenlySick lay the manciple* of a malady, *steward <5>Men *weened wisly* that he shoulde die. *thought certainly*For which this miller stole both meal and cornAn hundred times more than beforn.For theretofore he stole but courteously,But now he was a thief outrageously.For which the warden chid and made fare*, *fussBut thereof *set the miller not a tare*; *he cared not a rush*He *crack’d his boast,* and swore it was not so. *talked big*
Then were there younge poore scholars two,That dwelled in the hall of which I say;Testif* they were, and lusty for to play; *headstrong <6>And only for their mirth and revelryUpon the warden busily they cry,To give them leave for but a *little stound*, *short time*To go to mill, and see their corn y-ground:And hardily* they durste lay their neck, *boldlyThe miller should not steal them half a peckOf corn by sleight, nor them by force bereave* *take awayAnd at the last the warden give them leave:John hight the one, and Alein hight the other,Of one town were they born, that highte Strother,<7>Far in the North, I cannot tell you where.This Alein he made ready all his gear,And on a horse the sack he cast anon:Forth went Alein the clerk, and also John,With good sword and with buckler by their side.John knew the way, him needed not no guide,And at the mill the sack adown he lay’th.
Alein spake first; “All hail, Simon, in faith,How fares thy faire daughter, and thy wife.”“Alein, welcome,” quoth Simkin, “by my life,And John also: how now, what do ye here?”“By God, Simon,” quoth John, “need has no peer*. *equalHim serve himself behoves that has no swain*, *servantOr else he is a fool, as clerkes sayn.Our manciple I hope* he will be dead, *expectSo workes aye the wanges* in his head: *cheek-teeth <8>And therefore is I come, and eke Alein,To grind our corn and carry it home again:I pray you speed us hence as well ye may.”“It shall be done,” quoth Simkin, “by my fay.What will ye do while that it is in hand?”“By God, right by the hopper will I stand,”Quoth John, “and see how that the corn goes in.Yet saw I never, by my father’s kin,How that the hopper wagges to and fro.”Alein answered, “John, and wilt thou so?Then will I be beneathe, by my crown,And see how that the meale falls adownInto the trough, that shall be my disport*: *amusementFor, John, in faith I may be of your sort;I is as ill a miller as is ye.”
This miller smiled at their nicety*, *simplicityAnd thought, “All this is done but for a wile.They weenen* that no man may them beguile, *thinkBut by my thrift yet shall I blear their eye,<9>For all the sleight in their philosophy.The more *quainte knackes* that they make, *odd little tricks*The more will I steal when that I take.Instead of flour yet will I give them bren*. *branThe greatest clerks are not the wisest men,As whilom to the wolf thus spake the mare: <10>Of all their art ne count I not a tare.”Out at the door he went full privily,When that he saw his time, softely.He looked up and down, until he foundThe clerkes’ horse, there as he stood y-boundBehind the mill, under a levesell:* *arbour<11>And to the horse he went him fair and well,And stripped off the bridle right anon.And when the horse was loose, he gan to gonToward the fen, where wilde mares run,Forth, with “Wehee!” through thick and eke through thin.This miller went again, no word he said,But did his note*, and with these clerkes play’d, *business <12>Till that their corn was fair and well y-ground.And when the meal was sacked and y-bound,Then John went out, and found his horse away,And gan to cry, “Harow, and well-away!Our horse is lost: Alein, for Godde’s bones,Step on thy feet; come off, man, all at once:Alas! our warden has his palfrey lorn.*” *lostThis Alein all forgot, both meal and corn;All was out of his mind his husbandry*. *careful watch over“What, which way is he gone?” he gan to cry. the corn*The wife came leaping inward at a renne*, *runShe said; “Alas! your horse went to the fenWith wilde mares, as fast as he could go.Unthank* come on his hand that bound him so *ill luck, a curseAnd his that better should have knit the rein.”“Alas!” quoth John, “Alein, for Christes painLay down thy sword, and I shall mine also.I is full wight*, God wate**, as is a roe. *swift **knowsBy Godde’s soul he shall not scape us bathe*. *both <13>Why n’ had thou put the capel* in the lathe**? *horse<14> **barnIll hail, Alein, by God thou is a fonne.*” *foolThese silly clerkes have full fast y-runToward the fen, both Alein and eke John;And when the miller saw that they were gone,He half a bushel of their flour did take,And bade his wife go knead it in a cake.He said; I trow, the clerkes were afeard,Yet can a miller *make a clerkes beard,* *cheat a scholar* <15>For all his art: yea, let them go their way!Lo where they go! yea, let the children play:They get him not so lightly, by my crown.”These silly clerkes runnen up and downWith “Keep, keep; stand, stand; jossa*, warderere. *turnGo whistle thou, and I shall keep* him here.” *catchBut shortly, till that it was very nightThey coulde not, though they did all their might,Their capel catch, he ran alway so fast:Till in a ditch they caught him at the last.
Weary and wet, as beastes in the rain,Comes silly John, and with him comes Alein.“Alas,” quoth John, “the day that I was born!Now are we driv’n till hething* and till scorn. *mockeryOur corn is stol’n, men will us fonnes* call, *foolsBoth the warden, and eke our fellows all,And namely* the miller, well-away!” *especiallyThus plained John, as he went by the wayToward the mill, and Bayard* in his hand. *the bay horseThe miller sitting by the fire he fand*. *foundFor it was night, and forther* might they not, *go their wayBut for the love of God they him besoughtOf herberow* and ease, for their penny. *lodgingThe miller said again,” If there be any,Such as it is, yet shall ye have your part.Mine house is strait, but ye have learned art;Ye can by arguments maken a placeA mile broad, of twenty foot of space.Let see now if this place may suffice,Or make it room with speech, as is your guise.*” *fashion“Now, Simon,” said this John, “by Saint CuthberdAye is thou merry, and that is fair answer’d.I have heard say, man shall take of two things,Such as he findes, or such as he brings.But specially I pray thee, hoste dear,Gar <16> us have meat and drink, and make us cheer,And we shall pay thee truly at the full:With empty hand men may not hawkes tull*. *allureLo here our silver ready for to spend.”
This miller to the town his daughter sendFor ale and bread, and roasted them a goose,And bound their horse, he should no more go loose:And them in his own chamber made a bed.With sheetes and with chalons* fair y-spread, *blankets<17>Not from his owen bed ten foot or twelve:His daughter had a bed all by herselve,Right in the same chamber *by and by*: *side by side*It might no better be, and cause why,There was no *roomer herberow* in the place. *roomier lodging*They suppen, and they speaken of solace,And drinken ever strong ale at the best.Aboute midnight went they all to rest.Well had this miller varnished his head;Full pale he was, fordrunken, and *nought red*. *without his wits*He yoxed*, and he spake thorough the nose, *hiccupedAs he were in the quakke*, or in the pose**. *grunting **catarrhTo bed he went, and with him went his wife,As any jay she light was and jolife,* *jollySo was her jolly whistle well y-wet.The cradle at her beddes feet was set,To rock, and eke to give the child to suck.And when that drunken was all in the crock* *pitcher<18>To bedde went the daughter right anon,To bedde went Alein, and also John.There was no more; needed them no dwale.<19>This miller had, so wisly* bibbed ale, *certainlyThat as a horse he snorted in his sleep,Nor of his tail behind he took no keep*. *heedHis wife bare him a burdoun*, a full strong; *bass <20>Men might their routing* hearen a furlong. *snoring
The wenche routed eke for company.Alein the clerk, that heard this melody,He poked John, and saide: “Sleepest thou?Heardest thou ever such a song ere now?Lo what a compline<21> is y-mell* them all. *amongA wilde fire upon their bodies fall,Who hearken’d ever such a ferly* thing? *strange <22>Yea, they shall have the flow’r of ill ending!This longe night there *tides me* no rest. *comes to me*But yet no force*, all shall be for the best. *matterFor, John,” said he, “as ever may I thrive,If that I may, yon wenche will I swive*. *enjoy carnallySome easement* has law y-shapen** us *satisfaction **providedFor, John, there is a law that sayeth thus,That if a man in one point be aggriev’d,That in another he shall be relievd.Our corn is stol’n, soothly it is no nay,And we have had an evil fit to-day.And since I shall have none amendementAgainst my loss, I will have easement:By Godde’s soul, it shall none, other be.”This John answer’d; Alein, *avise thee*: *have a care*The miller is a perilous man,” he said,“And if that he out of his sleep abraid*, *awakedHe mighte do us both a villainy*.” *mischiefAlein answer’d; “I count him not a fly.And up he rose, and by the wench he crept.This wenche lay upright, and fast she slept,Till he so nigh was, ere she might espy,That it had been too late for to cry:And, shortly for to say, they were at one.Now play, Alein, for I will speak of John.
This John lay still a furlong way <23> or two,And to himself he made ruth* and woe. *wail“Alas!” quoth he, “this is a wicked jape*; *trickNow may I say, that I is but an ape.Yet has my fellow somewhat for his harm;He has the miller’s daughter in his arm:He auntred* him, and hath his needes sped, *adventuredAnd I lie as a draff-sack in my bed;And when this jape is told another day,I shall be held a daffe* or a cockenay <24> *cowardI will arise, and auntre* it, by my fay: *attemptUnhardy is unsely, <25> as men say.”And up he rose, and softely he wentUnto the cradle, and in his hand it hent*, *tookAnd bare it soft unto his beddes feet.Soon after this the wife *her routing lete*, *stopped snoring*And gan awake, and went her out to pissAnd came again and gan the cradle missAnd groped here and there, but she found none.“Alas!” quoth she, “I had almost misgoneI had almost gone to the clerkes’ bed.Ey! Benedicite, then had I foul y-sped.”And forth she went, till she the cradle fand.She groped alway farther with her handAnd found the bed, and *thoughte not but good* *had no suspicion*Because that the cradle by it stood,And wist not where she was, for it was derk;But fair and well she crept in by the clerk,And lay full still, and would have caught a sleep.Within a while this John the Clerk up leapAnd on this goode wife laid on full sore;So merry a fit had she not had *full yore*. *for a long time*He pricked hard and deep, as he were mad.
This jolly life have these two clerkes had,Till that the thirde cock began to sing.Alein wax’d weary in the morrowing,For he had swonken* all the longe night, *labouredAnd saide; “Farewell, Malkin, my sweet wight.The day is come, I may no longer bide,But evermore, where so I go or ride,I is thine owen clerk, so have I hele.*” *health“Now, deare leman*,” quoth she, “go, fare wele: *sweetheartBut ere thou go, one thing I will thee tell.When that thou wendest homeward by the mill,Right at the entry of the door behindThou shalt a cake of half a bushel find,That was y-maked of thine owen meal,Which that I help’d my father for to steal.And goode leman, God thee save and keep.”And with that word she gan almost to weep.Alein uprose and thought, “Ere the day dawI will go creepen in by my fellaw:”And found the cradle with his hand anon.“By God!” thought he, “all wrong I have misgone:My head is *totty of my swink* to-night, *giddy from my labour*That maketh me that I go not aright.I wot well by the cradle I have misgo’;Here lie the miller and his wife also.”And forth he went a twenty devil wayUnto the bed, there as the miller lay.He ween’d* t’ have creeped by his fellow John, *thoughtAnd by the miller in he crept anon,And caught him by the neck, and gan him shake,And said; “Thou John, thou swines-head, awakeFor Christes soul, and hear a noble game!For by that lord that called is Saint Jame,As I have thries in this shorte nightSwived the miller’s daughter bolt-upright,While thou hast as a coward lain aghast*.” *afraid“Thou false harlot,” quoth the miller, “hast?Ah, false traitor, false clerk,” quoth he,“Thou shalt be dead, by Godde’s dignity,Who durste be so bold to disparage* *disgraceMy daughter, that is come of such lineage?”And by the throate-ball* he caught Alein, *Adam’s appleAnd he him hent* dispiteously** again, *seized **angrilyAnd on the nose he smote him with his fist;Down ran the bloody stream upon his breast:And in the floor with nose and mouth all brokeThey wallow, as do two pigs in a poke.And up they go, and down again anon,Till that the miller spurned* on a stone, *stumbledAnd down he backward fell upon his wife,That wiste nothing of this nice strife:For she was fall’n asleep a little wight* *whileWith John the clerk, that waked had all night:And with the fall out of her sleep she braid*. *woke“Help, holy cross of Bromeholm,” <26> she said;“In manus tuas! <27> Lord, to thee I call.Awake, Simon, the fiend is on me fall;Mine heart is broken; help; I am but dead:There li’th one on my womb and on mine head.Help, Simkin, for these false clerks do fight”This John start up as fast as e’er he might,And groped by the walles to and froTo find a staff; and she start up also,And knew the estres* better than this John, *apartmentAnd by the wall she took a staff anon:And saw a little shimmering of a light,For at an hole in shone the moone bright,And by that light she saw them both the two,But sickerly* she wist not who was who, *certainlyBut as she saw a white thing in her eye.And when she gan this white thing espy,She ween’d* the clerk had wear’d a volupere**; *supposed **night-capAnd with the staff she drew aye nere* and nere*, *nearerAnd ween’d to have hit this Alein at the full,And smote the miller on the pilled* skull; *baldThat down he went, and cried,” Harow! I die.”These clerkes beat him well, and let him lie,And greithen* them, and take their horse anon, *make ready, dressAnd eke their meal, and on their way they gon:And at the mill door eke they took their cakeOf half a bushel flour, full well y-bake.
Thus is the proude miller well y-beat,And hath y-lost the grinding of the wheat;And payed for the supper *every deal* *every bitOf Alein and of John, that beat him well;His wife is swived, and his daughter als*; *alsoLo, such it is a miller to be false.And therefore this proverb is said full sooth,“*Him thar not winnen well* that evil do’th, *he deserves not to gain*A guiler shall himself beguiled be:”And God that sitteth high in majestySave all this Company, both great and smale.Thus have I quit* the Miller in my tale. *made myself quits with
Notes to the Reeve’s Tale
1. The incidents of this tale were much relished in the MiddleAges, and are found under various forms. Boccaccio has toldthem in the ninth day of his “Decameron”.
- Camuse: flat; French “camuse”, snub-nosed.
- Gite: gown or coat; French “jupe.”
4. Soler Hall: the hall or college at Cambridge with the galleryor upper storey; supposed to have been Clare Hall.(Transcribers note: later commentators identify it with King’sHall, now merged with Trinity College)
5. Manciple: steward; provisioner of the hall. See also note 47to the prologue to the Tales.
- Testif: headstrong, wild-brained; French, “entete.”
7. Strother: Tyrwhitt points to Anstruther, in Fife: Mr Wrightto the Vale of Langstroth, in the West Riding of Yorkshire.Chaucer has given the scholars a dialect that may have belongedto either district, although it more immediately suggests themore northern of the two.(Transcribers note: later commentators have identified it with anow vanished village near Kirknewton in Northumberland.There was a well-known Alein of Strother in Chaucer’slifetime.)
8. Wanges: grinders, cheek-teeth; Anglo-Saxon, “Wang,” thecheek; German, “Wange.”
- See note 1 to the Prologue to the Reeves Tale
10. In the “Cento Novelle Antiche,” the story is told of a mule,which pretends that his name is written on the bottom of hishind foot. The wolf attempts to read it, the mule kills him with akick in the forehead; and the fox, looking on, remarks that“every man of letters is not wise.” A similar story is told in“Reynard the Fox.”
- Levesell: an arbour; Anglo-Saxon, “lefe-setl,” leafy seat.
- Noth: business; German, “Noth,” necessity.
- Bathe: both; Scottice, “baith.”
14. Capel: horse; Gaelic, “capall;” French, “cheval;” Italian,“cavallo,” from Latin, “caballus.”
15. Make a clerkes beard: cheat a scholar; French, “faire labarbe;” and Boccaccio uses the proverb in the same sense.
16. “Gar” is Scotch for “cause;” some editions read, however,“get us some”.
- Chalons: blankets, coverlets, made at Chalons in France.
18. Crock: pitcher, cruse; Anglo-Saxon, “crocca;” German,“krug;” hence “crockery.”
19. Dwale: night-shade, Solanum somniferum, given to causesleep.
20. Burdoun: bass; “burden” of a song. It originally means thedrone of a bagpipe; French, “bourdon.”
- Compline: even-song in the church service; chorus.
22. Ferly: strange. In Scotland, a “ferlie” is an unwonted orremarkable sight.
- A furlong way: As long as it might take to walk a furlong.
24. Cockenay: a term of contempt, probably borrowed from thekitchen; a cook, in base Latin, being termed “coquinarius.”compare French “coquin,” rascal.
25. Unhardy is unsely: the cowardly is unlucky; “nothingventure, nothing have;” German, “unselig,” unhappy.
26. Holy cross of Bromeholm: A common adjuration at thattime; the cross or rood of the priory of Bromholm, in Norfolk,was said to contain part of the real cross and therefore held inhigh esteem.
- In manus tuas: Latin, “in your hands”.